Speech production in Artificial Intelligence is an issue that scientists and engineers have come across for a great period of time. Like any form of technology, we must observe nature to imitate it for the future of Artificial Intelligence. Our brain contains two areas that contribute to our fluent speech in a respective language. These areas are called Wernicke's area and Broca's areawhich are both located on the left hemisphere. Wernicke's area stores information required for speech content, arranging the words of a learned vocabulary into meaningful speech according to rules of grammar, and Broca's area is instructed by Wernicke's area to move the tongue, lips, and other speech muscles in harmony.
Manipulating a machine posed as a person to speak a language and behave in a social way must contain a system that emulates Broca's area and Wernicke's area. This system would be the one which would output the articulate sets of words for a fluent speech. Our frontal left hemisphere(holder of Wernicke's and Broca's area) contains about five billion cells which explains our capacity for a diverse set of words for speech. A compartmentalization of sets of words in forms of digital storage in an intelligent machine could act as Wernicke's area. Different categories of words such as adjectives, nouns, and verbs are to be organized in storage and located through an algorithm which would facilitate response. our brain works exactly like this but it is hard to grasp its multitude of responses that are the result of billions of intricately organized neurons. It would take years to produce a storage system and sets of responses to millions of different sensory inputs just as it takes years for a child to develop speech recognition and response.
Broca's area would be emulated b a high quality speaker system and a sensitive coordination of lips. After sensory input has been processed by the machine to produce a response, an output of words through a speaker to emulate the harmony of a tongue, throat and lips would occur. Lips along with a set of fake teeth would be installed on the machine.
A system like the human body contains many different underlying systems which work in coherence to produce what we are. Imitating Wernicke's and Broca's area plays no role on solving the problem of how an intelligent machine could learn through experience because survival is not on its mind. Humans learn to keep reproduction, survival, and pleasure afloat which is something a robot cannot do.
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Tuesday, January 4, 2011
Cultural Relativism and the Brain
Cultural Relativism plays an important role in understanding our brain. Within a span of ten cultures, there are a number of common denominators that make these cultures similar to one another. For example, burping after a meal is polite in one culture while saying "your meal was very tasty" is polite in another. The common denominator of these two cultures is politeness which is an extension of a survival technique in the human brain. Cultural Relativism tells us as humans what our common forms of behavior are which can be physiologically explained due to various portions of the brain along with hormones.
Amongst a variety of cultures, there are various methods to signify respective messages amongst one another. Output through gestures, language, and limb movement are how all these messages are carried out exemplifying a commonality in terms of a physiological explanation. One might consider a form of saying "Hello" in Chinese much differently than saying "Hello" in Arabic but both must share common neural structure in the brain. A cultural and social aspect of a simple thing like saying "Hello" is a form of survival in the modern world. Social behavior such as greeting, thanking, or loving are all examples of human survival and each is carried out differently in differing cultures. These behaviors are tied to the limbic system which is responsible for emotion. Because messages are carried out to one another in society for a purpose, what gives each message a purpose is an emotional response that is tied to survival. It is in the limbic system where we learn to cry, laugh, love, and fight for different reasons amongst different cultures.
Cultures contain different mental and physical skills for survival. It is because of our memory that we are able to learn and repeat these skills on a day to day basis. Short term memory recites immediate sensory input while long term memory recalls sensory input from weeks or even years of previously learned knowledge. The brain distinguishes between facts and skill memorization such as the difference between shooting a basketball and memorizing a phone number. For factual memorization, sensory information is transmitted from the sensory regions of the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, two components of the limbic system which also function in emotions. Learning skills according one hypothesis states that it is due to changes in the structure of dendrites. Neural input causes a postsynaptic cell in the brain to take up calcium, which in turn activates enzymes that alter the cytoskeleton and change the shape of the dendrite in such a way that future transmission across that synapse is enhanced. This might occur when a young tribesman in Africa learns to weave a basket or kill prey, a skill as daunting to the mind as figuring out an algebra problem for a child in the U.S.
Amongst a variety of cultures, there are various methods to signify respective messages amongst one another. Output through gestures, language, and limb movement are how all these messages are carried out exemplifying a commonality in terms of a physiological explanation. One might consider a form of saying "Hello" in Chinese much differently than saying "Hello" in Arabic but both must share common neural structure in the brain. A cultural and social aspect of a simple thing like saying "Hello" is a form of survival in the modern world. Social behavior such as greeting, thanking, or loving are all examples of human survival and each is carried out differently in differing cultures. These behaviors are tied to the limbic system which is responsible for emotion. Because messages are carried out to one another in society for a purpose, what gives each message a purpose is an emotional response that is tied to survival. It is in the limbic system where we learn to cry, laugh, love, and fight for different reasons amongst different cultures.
Cultures contain different mental and physical skills for survival. It is because of our memory that we are able to learn and repeat these skills on a day to day basis. Short term memory recites immediate sensory input while long term memory recalls sensory input from weeks or even years of previously learned knowledge. The brain distinguishes between facts and skill memorization such as the difference between shooting a basketball and memorizing a phone number. For factual memorization, sensory information is transmitted from the sensory regions of the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, two components of the limbic system which also function in emotions. Learning skills according one hypothesis states that it is due to changes in the structure of dendrites. Neural input causes a postsynaptic cell in the brain to take up calcium, which in turn activates enzymes that alter the cytoskeleton and change the shape of the dendrite in such a way that future transmission across that synapse is enhanced. This might occur when a young tribesman in Africa learns to weave a basket or kill prey, a skill as daunting to the mind as figuring out an algebra problem for a child in the U.S.
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